1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:59,500 I 2 00:00:59,500 --> 00:00:59,510 3 00:00:59,510 --> 00:01:02,030 electrical storms are one of nature's 4 00:01:02,030 --> 00:01:02,040 electrical storms are one of nature's 5 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:04,250 electrical storms are one of nature's most spectacular and unpredictable 6 00:01:04,250 --> 00:01:04,260 most spectacular and unpredictable 7 00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:07,250 most spectacular and unpredictable phenomenal despite our technology we 8 00:01:07,250 --> 00:01:07,260 phenomenal despite our technology we 9 00:01:07,260 --> 00:01:09,680 phenomenal despite our technology we remain poems to control this awesome 10 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:09,690 remain poems to control this awesome 11 00:01:09,690 --> 00:01:14,450 remain poems to control this awesome force nevertheless the conditions that 12 00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:14,460 force nevertheless the conditions that 13 00:01:14,460 --> 00:01:16,940 force nevertheless the conditions that cause lightning are at the very heart of 14 00:01:16,940 --> 00:01:16,950 cause lightning are at the very heart of 15 00:01:16,950 --> 00:01:18,980 cause lightning are at the very heart of a groundbreaking experiment at NASA 16 00:01:18,980 --> 00:01:18,990 a groundbreaking experiment at NASA 17 00:01:18,990 --> 00:01:22,940 a groundbreaking experiment at NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland the 18 00:01:22,940 --> 00:01:22,950 Lewis Research Center in Cleveland the 19 00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:25,280 Lewis Research Center in Cleveland the solar array module plasma interaction 20 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:25,290 solar array module plasma interaction 21 00:01:25,290 --> 00:01:28,310 solar array module plasma interaction experiment or Sam p is an essential step 22 00:01:28,310 --> 00:01:28,320 experiment or Sam p is an essential step 23 00:01:28,320 --> 00:01:29,810 experiment or Sam p is an essential step toward the development of future 24 00:01:29,810 --> 00:01:29,820 toward the development of future 25 00:01:29,820 --> 00:01:32,030 toward the development of future high-voltage power systems for space 26 00:01:32,030 --> 00:01:32,040 high-voltage power systems for space 27 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:35,749 high-voltage power systems for space exploration dr. Dale Ferguson is 28 00:01:35,749 --> 00:01:35,759 exploration dr. Dale Ferguson is 29 00:01:35,759 --> 00:01:37,730 exploration dr. Dale Ferguson is principal investigator of the santee 30 00:01:37,730 --> 00:01:37,740 principal investigator of the santee 31 00:01:37,740 --> 00:01:40,280 principal investigator of the santee project he and his team are nearing the 32 00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:40,290 project he and his team are nearing the 33 00:01:40,290 --> 00:01:41,960 project he and his team are nearing the most critical phase of the experiment 34 00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:41,970 most critical phase of the experiment 35 00:01:41,970 --> 00:01:46,490 most critical phase of the experiment flight testing in low-earth orbit before 36 00:01:46,490 --> 00:01:46,500 flight testing in low-earth orbit before 37 00:01:46,500 --> 00:01:48,650 flight testing in low-earth orbit before earth-based technologies are used for 38 00:01:48,650 --> 00:01:48,660 earth-based technologies are used for 39 00:01:48,660 --> 00:01:50,450 earth-based technologies are used for space applications they must be 40 00:01:50,450 --> 00:01:50,460 space applications they must be 41 00:01:50,460 --> 00:01:52,309 space applications they must be thoroughly tested to ensure that they 42 00:01:52,309 --> 00:01:52,319 thoroughly tested to ensure that they 43 00:01:52,319 --> 00:01:54,020 thoroughly tested to ensure that they will perform as needed in the space 44 00:01:54,020 --> 00:01:54,030 will perform as needed in the space 45 00:01:54,030 --> 00:01:57,050 will perform as needed in the space environment flight testing is crucial to 46 00:01:57,050 --> 00:01:57,060 environment flight testing is crucial to 47 00:01:57,060 --> 00:02:00,919 environment flight testing is crucial to the engineering process historically 48 00:02:00,919 --> 00:02:00,929 the engineering process historically 49 00:02:00,929 --> 00:02:03,590 the engineering process historically electric power generation in space has 50 00:02:03,590 --> 00:02:03,600 electric power generation in space has 51 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:05,840 electric power generation in space has relied on photovoltaic solar arrays 52 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:05,850 relied on photovoltaic solar arrays 53 00:02:05,850 --> 00:02:08,510 relied on photovoltaic solar arrays Volta voltaic cells commonly made of 54 00:02:08,510 --> 00:02:08,520 Volta voltaic cells commonly made of 55 00:02:08,520 --> 00:02:11,059 Volta voltaic cells commonly made of silicon are semiconductors that convert 56 00:02:11,059 --> 00:02:11,069 silicon are semiconductors that convert 57 00:02:11,069 --> 00:02:13,490 silicon are semiconductors that convert visible light into direct electrical 58 00:02:13,490 --> 00:02:13,500 visible light into direct electrical 59 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:16,370 visible light into direct electrical current the cells are covered with a 60 00:02:16,370 --> 00:02:16,380 current the cells are covered with a 61 00:02:16,380 --> 00:02:18,710 current the cells are covered with a transparent housing that allows light to 62 00:02:18,710 --> 00:02:18,720 transparent housing that allows light to 63 00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:21,620 transparent housing that allows light to easily penetrate them excess current is 64 00:02:21,620 --> 00:02:21,630 easily penetrate them excess current is 65 00:02:21,630 --> 00:02:25,820 easily penetrate them excess current is stored in batteries photovoltaic power 66 00:02:25,820 --> 00:02:25,830 stored in batteries photovoltaic power 67 00:02:25,830 --> 00:02:28,220 stored in batteries photovoltaic power is routinely used in such low voltage 68 00:02:28,220 --> 00:02:28,230 is routinely used in such low voltage 69 00:02:28,230 --> 00:02:31,970 is routinely used in such low voltage items as calculators the amount of 70 00:02:31,970 --> 00:02:31,980 items as calculators the amount of 71 00:02:31,980 --> 00:02:34,430 items as calculators the amount of current created by photovoltaic cells is 72 00:02:34,430 --> 00:02:34,440 current created by photovoltaic cells is 73 00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:37,070 current created by photovoltaic cells is a direct function of surface area the 74 00:02:37,070 --> 00:02:37,080 a direct function of surface area the 75 00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:38,720 a direct function of surface area the greater the surface the greater the 76 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:38,730 greater the surface the greater the 77 00:02:38,730 --> 00:02:41,660 greater the surface the greater the power cells are connected in small units 78 00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:41,670 power cells are connected in small units 79 00:02:41,670 --> 00:02:44,330 power cells are connected in small units called coupons and coupons are strung 80 00:02:44,330 --> 00:02:44,340 called coupons and coupons are strung 81 00:02:44,340 --> 00:02:46,850 called coupons and coupons are strung together in larger sheets known as solar 82 00:02:46,850 --> 00:02:46,860 together in larger sheets known as solar 83 00:02:46,860 --> 00:02:50,420 together in larger sheets known as solar array modules photovoltaics has proven 84 00:02:50,420 --> 00:02:50,430 array modules photovoltaics has proven 85 00:02:50,430 --> 00:02:52,160 array modules photovoltaics has proven to be a reliable source of electricity 86 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:52,170 to be a reliable source of electricity 87 00:02:52,170 --> 00:02:54,930 to be a reliable source of electricity for the 28 volt power systems in Paris 88 00:02:54,930 --> 00:02:54,940 for the 28 volt power systems in Paris 89 00:02:54,940 --> 00:03:01,080 for the 28 volt power systems in Paris from the aviation industry however 90 00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:01,090 from the aviation industry however 91 00:03:01,090 --> 00:03:03,600 from the aviation industry however future space exploration will require 92 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:03,610 future space exploration will require 93 00:03:03,610 --> 00:03:07,020 future space exploration will require higher voltages as much as 160 volts DC 94 00:03:07,020 --> 00:03:07,030 higher voltages as much as 160 volts DC 95 00:03:07,030 --> 00:03:09,720 higher voltages as much as 160 volts DC on earth when you want to increase the 96 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:09,730 on earth when you want to increase the 97 00:03:09,730 --> 00:03:12,300 on earth when you want to increase the power of a photovoltaic array you 98 00:03:12,300 --> 00:03:12,310 power of a photovoltaic array you 99 00:03:12,310 --> 00:03:17,070 power of a photovoltaic array you increase the number of cells and as the 100 00:03:17,070 --> 00:03:17,080 increase the number of cells and as the 101 00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:18,540 increase the number of cells and as the number of cells goes up so does the 102 00:03:18,540 --> 00:03:18,550 number of cells goes up so does the 103 00:03:18,550 --> 00:03:22,550 number of cells goes up so does the power in space adding more cells 104 00:03:22,550 --> 00:03:22,560 power in space adding more cells 105 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:24,840 power in space adding more cells increases the voltage that the system 106 00:03:24,840 --> 00:03:24,850 increases the voltage that the system 107 00:03:24,850 --> 00:03:27,750 increases the voltage that the system will operate at and and a high voltage 108 00:03:27,750 --> 00:03:27,760 will operate at and and a high voltage 109 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:30,390 will operate at and and a high voltage in space can be a problem for a 110 00:03:30,390 --> 00:03:30,400 in space can be a problem for a 111 00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:34,590 in space can be a problem for a spacecraft when we think of the space 112 00:03:34,590 --> 00:03:34,600 spacecraft when we think of the space 113 00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:37,320 spacecraft when we think of the space environment we immediately think of zero 114 00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:37,330 environment we immediately think of zero 115 00:03:37,330 --> 00:03:40,470 environment we immediately think of zero gravity however what poses the gravest 116 00:03:40,470 --> 00:03:40,480 gravity however what poses the gravest 117 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:42,240 gravity however what poses the gravest problem to designers of a high voltage 118 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:42,250 problem to designers of a high voltage 119 00:03:42,250 --> 00:03:46,110 problem to designers of a high voltage power system is space plasma plasma is 120 00:03:46,110 --> 00:03:46,120 power system is space plasma plasma is 121 00:03:46,120 --> 00:03:48,750 power system is space plasma plasma is created when a gas is subjected to high 122 00:03:48,750 --> 00:03:48,760 created when a gas is subjected to high 123 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:50,700 created when a gas is subjected to high temperatures or bombardment by 124 00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:50,710 temperatures or bombardment by 125 00:03:50,710 --> 00:03:53,190 temperatures or bombardment by ultraviolet rays from the Sun the 126 00:03:53,190 --> 00:03:53,200 ultraviolet rays from the Sun the 127 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:54,930 ultraviolet rays from the Sun the electrons are literally stripped away 128 00:03:54,930 --> 00:03:54,940 electrons are literally stripped away 129 00:03:54,940 --> 00:03:56,580 electrons are literally stripped away from their normal orbits around the 130 00:03:56,580 --> 00:03:56,590 from their normal orbits around the 131 00:03:56,590 --> 00:03:59,580 from their normal orbits around the nucleus when this happens the gas which 132 00:03:59,580 --> 00:03:59,590 nucleus when this happens the gas which 133 00:03:59,590 --> 00:04:01,350 nucleus when this happens the gas which is normally an excellent insulator 134 00:04:01,350 --> 00:04:01,360 is normally an excellent insulator 135 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:03,479 is normally an excellent insulator becomes a fairly good conductor of 136 00:04:03,479 --> 00:04:03,489 becomes a fairly good conductor of 137 00:04:03,489 --> 00:04:07,110 becomes a fairly good conductor of electricity this chart depicts the 138 00:04:07,110 --> 00:04:07,120 electricity this chart depicts the 139 00:04:07,120 --> 00:04:08,880 electricity this chart depicts the density of the plasma relative to the 140 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:08,890 density of the plasma relative to the 141 00:04:08,890 --> 00:04:11,040 density of the plasma relative to the altitude above the earth the density 142 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:11,050 altitude above the earth the density 143 00:04:11,050 --> 00:04:14,400 altitude above the earth the density decreases as we increase in altitude for 144 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:14,410 decreases as we increase in altitude for 145 00:04:14,410 --> 00:04:16,920 decreases as we increase in altitude for low voltages plasma does not present 146 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:16,930 low voltages plasma does not present 147 00:04:16,930 --> 00:04:19,110 low voltages plasma does not present much of a problem but in high voltages 148 00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:19,120 much of a problem but in high voltages 149 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:21,210 much of a problem but in high voltages in low-earth orbit it's a stumbling 150 00:04:21,210 --> 00:04:21,220 in low-earth orbit it's a stumbling 151 00:04:21,220 --> 00:04:23,700 in low-earth orbit it's a stumbling block when the electric potential 152 00:04:23,700 --> 00:04:23,710 block when the electric potential 153 00:04:23,710 --> 00:04:26,100 block when the electric potential between two points is great enough the 154 00:04:26,100 --> 00:04:26,110 between two points is great enough the 155 00:04:26,110 --> 00:04:28,650 between two points is great enough the gas between them ionizes creating a path 156 00:04:28,650 --> 00:04:28,660 gas between them ionizes creating a path 157 00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:30,810 gas between them ionizes creating a path of low resistance for electricity and 158 00:04:30,810 --> 00:04:30,820 of low resistance for electricity and 159 00:04:30,820 --> 00:04:34,140 of low resistance for electricity and when that happens arcing takes place an 160 00:04:34,140 --> 00:04:34,150 when that happens arcing takes place an 161 00:04:34,150 --> 00:04:36,750 when that happens arcing takes place an undesirable and destructive current is 162 00:04:36,750 --> 00:04:36,760 undesirable and destructive current is 163 00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:39,960 undesirable and destructive current is unleashed it's lightning with all of its 164 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:39,970 unleashed it's lightning with all of its 165 00:04:39,970 --> 00:04:42,750 unleashed it's lightning with all of its hazards and unpredictability only on a 166 00:04:42,750 --> 00:04:42,760 hazards and unpredictability only on a 167 00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:47,070 hazards and unpredictability only on a smaller scale arcing can destroy or 168 00:04:47,070 --> 00:04:47,080 smaller scale arcing can destroy or 169 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:49,740 smaller scale arcing can destroy or degrade most materials it contacts from 170 00:04:49,740 --> 00:04:49,750 degrade most materials it contacts from 171 00:04:49,750 --> 00:04:51,810 degrade most materials it contacts from the delicate solar arrays to such 172 00:04:51,810 --> 00:04:51,820 the delicate solar arrays to such 173 00:04:51,820 --> 00:04:54,120 the delicate solar arrays to such durable materials as anodized aluminum 174 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:54,130 durable materials as anodized aluminum 175 00:04:54,130 --> 00:04:56,280 durable materials as anodized aluminum which is used as the primary structural 176 00:04:56,280 --> 00:04:56,290 which is used as the primary structural 177 00:04:56,290 --> 00:04:58,170 which is used as the primary structural material for satellites and other space 178 00:04:58,170 --> 00:04:58,180 material for satellites and other space 179 00:04:58,180 --> 00:05:01,650 material for satellites and other space payloads arcing can also cause current 180 00:05:01,650 --> 00:05:01,660 payloads arcing can also cause current 181 00:05:01,660 --> 00:05:03,480 payloads arcing can also cause current disruptions that could hamper in space 182 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:03,490 disruptions that could hamper in space 183 00:05:03,490 --> 00:05:06,260 disruptions that could hamper in space operations of every time 184 00:05:06,260 --> 00:05:06,270 operations of every time 185 00:05:06,270 --> 00:05:08,940 operations of every time among the important questions the sappy 186 00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:08,950 among the important questions the sappy 187 00:05:08,950 --> 00:05:12,240 among the important questions the sappy flight test will help answer are at what 188 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:12,250 flight test will help answer are at what 189 00:05:12,250 --> 00:05:15,540 flight test will help answer are at what voltage does arcing occur at what rate 190 00:05:15,540 --> 00:05:15,550 voltage does arcing occur at what rate 191 00:05:15,550 --> 00:05:21,090 voltage does arcing occur at what rate does arcing occur at what intensity and 192 00:05:21,090 --> 00:05:21,100 does arcing occur at what intensity and 193 00:05:21,100 --> 00:05:23,850 does arcing occur at what intensity and specifically what effect will arcing 194 00:05:23,850 --> 00:05:23,860 specifically what effect will arcing 195 00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:26,190 specifically what effect will arcing have on all the various materials and 196 00:05:26,190 --> 00:05:26,200 have on all the various materials and 197 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:29,340 have on all the various materials and geometries currently designated not only 198 00:05:29,340 --> 00:05:29,350 geometries currently designated not only 199 00:05:29,350 --> 00:05:31,410 geometries currently designated not only for the solar arrays but for the whole 200 00:05:31,410 --> 00:05:31,420 for the solar arrays but for the whole 201 00:05:31,420 --> 00:05:34,890 for the solar arrays but for the whole space station all other materials need 202 00:05:34,890 --> 00:05:34,900 space station all other materials need 203 00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:37,740 space station all other materials need to be found how can we protect them and 204 00:05:37,740 --> 00:05:37,750 to be found how can we protect them and 205 00:05:37,750 --> 00:05:40,440 to be found how can we protect them and ultimately what steps can be taken to 206 00:05:40,440 --> 00:05:40,450 ultimately what steps can be taken to 207 00:05:40,450 --> 00:05:45,360 ultimately what steps can be taken to eliminate or minimize argue the sappy 208 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:45,370 eliminate or minimize argue the sappy 209 00:05:45,370 --> 00:05:47,370 eliminate or minimize argue the sappy payload consists of an electronics 210 00:05:47,370 --> 00:05:47,380 payload consists of an electronics 211 00:05:47,380 --> 00:05:49,950 payload consists of an electronics enclosure with an experiment plate fixed 212 00:05:49,950 --> 00:05:49,960 enclosure with an experiment plate fixed 213 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:52,320 enclosure with an experiment plate fixed to the top surface it will be mounted 214 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:52,330 to the top surface it will be mounted 215 00:05:52,330 --> 00:05:54,300 to the top surface it will be mounted directly to the top of a hitchhiker M 216 00:05:54,300 --> 00:05:54,310 directly to the top of a hitchhiker M 217 00:05:54,310 --> 00:05:57,630 directly to the top of a hitchhiker M carrier the instruments and electronics 218 00:05:57,630 --> 00:05:57,640 carrier the instruments and electronics 219 00:05:57,640 --> 00:05:59,490 carrier the instruments and electronics that run the experiment and record data 220 00:05:59,490 --> 00:05:59,500 that run the experiment and record data 221 00:05:59,500 --> 00:06:03,150 that run the experiment and record data are located inside the enclosure the 222 00:06:03,150 --> 00:06:03,160 are located inside the enclosure the 223 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:05,400 are located inside the enclosure the experiment plate will expose more than a 224 00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:05,410 experiment plate will expose more than a 225 00:06:05,410 --> 00:06:07,740 experiment plate will expose more than a dozen different materials geometries and 226 00:06:07,740 --> 00:06:07,750 dozen different materials geometries and 227 00:06:07,750 --> 00:06:10,350 dozen different materials geometries and technologies to conditions identical to 228 00:06:10,350 --> 00:06:10,360 technologies to conditions identical to 229 00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:12,770 technologies to conditions identical to those the space station will encounter 230 00:06:12,770 --> 00:06:12,780 those the space station will encounter 231 00:06:12,780 --> 00:06:15,060 those the space station will encounter extensive ground testing is always 232 00:06:15,060 --> 00:06:15,070 extensive ground testing is always 233 00:06:15,070 --> 00:06:17,370 extensive ground testing is always conducted first and is critical to 234 00:06:17,370 --> 00:06:17,380 conducted first and is critical to 235 00:06:17,380 --> 00:06:20,219 conducted first and is critical to research but certain conditions are 236 00:06:20,219 --> 00:06:20,229 research but certain conditions are 237 00:06:20,229 --> 00:06:22,440 research but certain conditions are simply impossible to simulate on the 238 00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:22,450 simply impossible to simulate on the 239 00:06:22,450 --> 00:06:27,180 simply impossible to simulate on the ground such as pressure plasma flow and 240 00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:27,190 ground such as pressure plasma flow and 241 00:06:27,190 --> 00:06:31,350 ground such as pressure plasma flow and electron temperature for example results 242 00:06:31,350 --> 00:06:31,360 electron temperature for example results 243 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:33,360 electron temperature for example results from previous flight tests of silicon 244 00:06:33,360 --> 00:06:33,370 from previous flight tests of silicon 245 00:06:33,370 --> 00:06:35,790 from previous flight tests of silicon solar cells differ radically from the 246 00:06:35,790 --> 00:06:35,800 solar cells differ radically from the 247 00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:38,790 solar cells differ radically from the ground tests of those cells the sappy 248 00:06:38,790 --> 00:06:38,800 ground tests of those cells the sappy 249 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:40,500 ground tests of those cells the sappy experiment plate will flight test 250 00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:40,510 experiment plate will flight test 251 00:06:40,510 --> 00:06:42,630 experiment plate will flight test leading-edge technologies but more 252 00:06:42,630 --> 00:06:42,640 leading-edge technologies but more 253 00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:44,760 leading-edge technologies but more familiar materials are also represented 254 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:44,770 familiar materials are also represented 255 00:06:44,770 --> 00:06:47,400 familiar materials are also represented all u.s. spacecraft that have flown to 256 00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:47,410 all u.s. spacecraft that have flown to 257 00:06:47,410 --> 00:06:50,100 all u.s. spacecraft that have flown to date have used silicon solar cells they 258 00:06:50,100 --> 00:06:50,110 date have used silicon solar cells they 259 00:06:50,110 --> 00:06:51,990 date have used silicon solar cells they therefore will provide a baseline for us 260 00:06:51,990 --> 00:06:52,000 therefore will provide a baseline for us 261 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:54,300 therefore will provide a baseline for us to allow us to compare our data with 262 00:06:54,300 --> 00:06:54,310 to allow us to compare our data with 263 00:06:54,310 --> 00:06:56,060 to allow us to compare our data with data that has been taken in the past 264 00:06:56,060 --> 00:06:56,070 data that has been taken in the past 265 00:06:56,070 --> 00:06:58,740 data that has been taken in the past even though other technologies are more 266 00:06:58,740 --> 00:06:58,750 even though other technologies are more 267 00:06:58,750 --> 00:07:00,480 even though other technologies are more efficient silicon is still the cheapest 268 00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:00,490 efficient silicon is still the cheapest 269 00:07:00,490 --> 00:07:02,730 efficient silicon is still the cheapest and is still the most commonly used we 270 00:07:02,730 --> 00:07:02,740 and is still the most commonly used we 271 00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:04,170 and is still the most commonly used we have to take a look at what happens to 272 00:07:04,170 --> 00:07:04,180 have to take a look at what happens to 273 00:07:04,180 --> 00:07:07,710 have to take a look at what happens to silicon them also to be tested is a 274 00:07:07,710 --> 00:07:07,720 silicon them also to be tested is a 275 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:10,020 silicon them also to be tested is a coupon of advanced photovoltaic solar 276 00:07:10,020 --> 00:07:10,030 coupon of advanced photovoltaic solar 277 00:07:10,030 --> 00:07:12,150 coupon of advanced photovoltaic solar array or absa cells 278 00:07:12,150 --> 00:07:12,160 array or absa cells 279 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:14,970 array or absa cells these cells hold great promise because 280 00:07:14,970 --> 00:07:14,980 these cells hold great promise because 281 00:07:14,980 --> 00:07:16,530 these cells hold great promise because they are much thinner and lighter than 282 00:07:16,530 --> 00:07:16,540 they are much thinner and lighter than 283 00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,040 they are much thinner and lighter than silicon Sampey will also test the impact 284 00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:20,050 silicon Sampey will also test the impact 285 00:07:20,050 --> 00:07:21,750 silicon Sampey will also test the impact of arcing on several state-of-the-art 286 00:07:21,750 --> 00:07:21,760 of arcing on several state-of-the-art 287 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:23,730 of arcing on several state-of-the-art alloys being considered for use on the 288 00:07:23,730 --> 00:07:23,740 alloys being considered for use on the 289 00:07:23,740 --> 00:07:27,180 alloys being considered for use on the space station when the sappy experiment 290 00:07:27,180 --> 00:07:27,190 space station when the sappy experiment 291 00:07:27,190 --> 00:07:29,400 space station when the sappy experiment completes its set of flight tests the UH 292 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:29,410 completes its set of flight tests the UH 293 00:07:29,410 --> 00:07:31,500 completes its set of flight tests the UH norbit data collected will be brought 294 00:07:31,500 --> 00:07:31,510 norbit data collected will be brought 295 00:07:31,510 --> 00:07:33,840 norbit data collected will be brought back and analyzed by scientists and 296 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:33,850 back and analyzed by scientists and 297 00:07:33,850 --> 00:07:35,850 back and analyzed by scientists and engineers at the Lewis research center 298 00:07:35,850 --> 00:07:35,860 engineers at the Lewis research center 299 00:07:35,860 --> 00:07:37,950 engineers at the Lewis research center this flight data will provide the 300 00:07:37,950 --> 00:07:37,960 this flight data will provide the 301 00:07:37,960 --> 00:07:40,650 this flight data will provide the foundation for developing future high 302 00:07:40,650 --> 00:07:40,660 foundation for developing future high 303 00:07:40,660 --> 00:07:42,600 foundation for developing future high voltage space power systems for NASA 304 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:42,610 voltage space power systems for NASA 305 00:07:42,610 --> 00:08:06,750 voltage space power systems for NASA into the 21st century and beyond 306 00:08:06,750 --> 00:08:06,760 307 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:08,820 you